Perfil de los casos de intoxicación aguda y su evolución en un hospital público de Ica, Perú
Fecha
2024
Asesor
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Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga. Vicerrectorado de Investigación. Instituto de Investigación
Resumen
El estudio tuvo como objetivo describir las características epidemiológicas
de las intoxicaciones agudas atendidas en el servicio de emergencias de un hospital de referencia en
Ica, Perú, entre enero de 2022 y junio de 2024. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio
observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo de corte transversal. Se analizaron ocho variables de los
registros de ingreso de pacientes diagnosticados con intoxicación aguda en el servicio de
emergencia (sexo, edad, lugar de procedencia, fecha y hora de ingreso, fecha y hora de egreso,
servicio de procedencia, condición de egreso, diagnóstico inicial) y catorce variables de la historia
clínica (estado civil, grado de instrucción, lugar de nacimiento, tiempo de enfermedad, forma de
inicio y curso de la enfermedad, agente tóxico implicado, escala de severidad de la emergencia,
generación de interconsulta, impresión diagnóstica de la interconsulta, descontaminación,
administración de antídoto, antecedentes personales, diagnósticos de egreso CIE-10). Se emplearon
dos instrumentos para la recolección de datos: la Ficha de recolección de datos del Libro de
Ingresos al Servicio de Emergencias y la Ficha de recolección de datos de la Historia clínica.
Resultados: De los 207 casos analizados, la mayor proporción correspondió a mujeres (53,1%) y al
grupo etario de adultos jóvenes (45,4%). La media de edad fue de 24,3 años (DE ±14,28). Se
encontró una incidencia semestral promedio de 26 casos por 10000 ingresos hospitalarios.
Respecto al estado civil, predominan los pacientes solteros (66,7%), y la mayoría tenían un nivel
educativo secundario (68,1%). Un 27,5% tenían antecedentes patológicos, y un 13,5% antecedentes
de conducta suicida. Las intoxicaciones por medicamentos, especialmente psicotrópicos, fueron las
más comunes (25,6%), seguidas por intoxicaciones con plaguicidas (23,2%). La mayoría de los
casos fueron intencionales (62,8%), especialmente los intentos suicidas. Las intoxicaciones
accidentales afectaron principalmente a niños y adultos mayores, siendo en gran parte de tipo
incidental (24,6%). La mayoría de los pacientes presentó una evolución clínica leve a moderada,
con estancias hospitalarias de 12 a 24 horas, y un alto porcentaje de alta voluntaria en los casos
intencionales. No se registraron muertes durante el periodo de estudio. La etiología y el tipo de
tóxico se asociaron significativamente con la gravedad y estancia hospitalaria, mientras que el sexo
y la edad no mostraron una influencia significativa. Conclusiones: El estudio reveló una alta
incidencia de intoxicaciones agudas en mujeres jóvenes, siendo los agentes psicotrópicos y los
plaguicidas los más comunes. La etiología de los casos fue predominantemente intencional, y la
mayoría de los pacientes recibió tratamiento en un tiempo relativamente corto. Las intoxicaciones
intencionales con agentes altamente tóxicos mostraron una tendencia a estancias prolongadas.
The study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics of acute poisonings treated in the emergency department of a referral hospital in Ica, Peru, between January 2022 and June 2024. Material and Methods: An observational, descriptive, retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out. Eight variables from the admission records of patients diagnosed with acute poisoning in the emergency service were analyzed (sex, age, place of origin, date and time of admission, date and time of discharge, service of origin, discharge condition, initial diagnosis) and fourteen variables from the clinical history (marital status, educational level, place of birth, duration of illness, form of onset and course of the illness, toxic agent involved, severity scale of the emergency, generation of interconsultation, diagnostic impression of the interconsultation, decontamination, administration of antidote, personal history, discharge diagnoses ICD-10). Two instruments were used for data collection: the Data Collection Form from the Emergency Service Admission Book and the Data Collection Form from the Clinical History. Results: Of the 207 cases analyzed, the highest proportion corresponded to women (53.1%) and the age group of young adults (45.4%). The mean age was 24.3 years (SD ±14.28). An average half-yearly incidence of 26 cases per 10,000 hospital admissions was found. Regarding marital status, single patients predominated (66.7%), and most had a secondary education level (68.1%). 27.5% had a medical history, and 13.5% had a history of suicidal behavior. Drug poisonings, especially psychotropic drugs, were the most common (25.6%), followed by pesticide poisonings (23.2%). Most cases were intentional (62.8%), especially suicide attempts. Accidental poisonings mainly affected children and older adults, and were largely incidental (24.6%). Most patients had a mild to moderate clinical course, with hospital stays of 12 to 24 hours, and a high percentage of voluntary discharges in intentional cases. No deaths were recorded during the study period. The etiology and type of poison were significantly associated with severity and hospital stay, while sex and age did not show a significant influence. Conclusions: The study revealed a high incidence of acute poisonings in young women, with psychotropic agents and pesticides being the most common. The etiology of the cases was predominantly intentional, and most patients received treatment within a relatively short time. Intentional poisonings with highly toxic agents showed a tendency to prolonged stays.
The study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics of acute poisonings treated in the emergency department of a referral hospital in Ica, Peru, between January 2022 and June 2024. Material and Methods: An observational, descriptive, retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out. Eight variables from the admission records of patients diagnosed with acute poisoning in the emergency service were analyzed (sex, age, place of origin, date and time of admission, date and time of discharge, service of origin, discharge condition, initial diagnosis) and fourteen variables from the clinical history (marital status, educational level, place of birth, duration of illness, form of onset and course of the illness, toxic agent involved, severity scale of the emergency, generation of interconsultation, diagnostic impression of the interconsultation, decontamination, administration of antidote, personal history, discharge diagnoses ICD-10). Two instruments were used for data collection: the Data Collection Form from the Emergency Service Admission Book and the Data Collection Form from the Clinical History. Results: Of the 207 cases analyzed, the highest proportion corresponded to women (53.1%) and the age group of young adults (45.4%). The mean age was 24.3 years (SD ±14.28). An average half-yearly incidence of 26 cases per 10,000 hospital admissions was found. Regarding marital status, single patients predominated (66.7%), and most had a secondary education level (68.1%). 27.5% had a medical history, and 13.5% had a history of suicidal behavior. Drug poisonings, especially psychotropic drugs, were the most common (25.6%), followed by pesticide poisonings (23.2%). Most cases were intentional (62.8%), especially suicide attempts. Accidental poisonings mainly affected children and older adults, and were largely incidental (24.6%). Most patients had a mild to moderate clinical course, with hospital stays of 12 to 24 hours, and a high percentage of voluntary discharges in intentional cases. No deaths were recorded during the study period. The etiology and type of poison were significantly associated with severity and hospital stay, while sex and age did not show a significant influence. Conclusions: The study revealed a high incidence of acute poisonings in young women, with psychotropic agents and pesticides being the most common. The etiology of the cases was predominantly intentional, and most patients received treatment within a relatively short time. Intentional poisonings with highly toxic agents showed a tendency to prolonged stays.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Intoxicaciones agudas, Toxicovigilancia, Epidemiología, Salud pública, Hospital público, Acute poisonings