Contaminación de los efluentes líquidos de mina y su impacto en el sistema acuático superficial de la zona Otoca - Ayacucho - 2021
Fecha
2025
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Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga
Resumen
Hallar el impacto producido por contaminación de los efluentes líquidos de mina en el
sistema acuático superficial en la zona de Otoca-Ayacucho-2021.
Metodología: Se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal, en el que se recolectó la muestra
de estudio mediante un muestreo no aleatorio por conveniencia con tres repeticiones de muestra
de los efluentes líquidos de mina y las aguas superficiales (aguas abajo y aguas arriba) de la zona
de Otoca, provincia de Lucanas, región Ayacucho. Se midieron la magnitud de las variables conductividad eléctrica, dureza, pH, sólidos totales disueltos, turbidez, clorito, cloruro, nitrato, nitrito,
sulfato, aluminio, arsénico, bario, boro, cobre, hierro, manganeso, sodio y zinc.
Resultados: Se halló en los efluentes una conductividad eléctrica igual a 1350 µS/cm; dureza:
450 mg/L; pH: 5.12; sólidos totales: 1016 mg/L y turbidez: 2.9 NTU, indican una conductividad
eléctrica alta y una dureza significativa, lo que sugiere una elevada concentración de minerales
disueltos en el agua, típicamente asociados con actividades mineras. En el sistema acuático superficial aguas abajo, los valores se encuentran dentro de los límites aceptables según las normas
ambientales vigentes en Perú. La conductividad eléctrica media fue de 717 µS/cm, la dureza de
243 mg/L, el pH de 7,75, los sólidos totales disueltos de 453 mg/L y la turbidez de 3,9 NTU,
todos dentro de los rangos permisibles. El impacto de los efluentes en la presencia de metales
pesados en las aguas superficiales muestra valores de significancia de 0,018 para aluminio, cobre
y zinc, 0,035 para boro, 0,029 para sodio, y 0,08 para manganeso. Excepto el manganeso, estos
valores, todos menores a 0,05, indican diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la concentración de estos metales entre las muestras analizadas.
Conclusión: La conductividad eléctrica, dureza, pH, sólidos totales disueltos y turbidez muestran
diferencias estadísticamente significativas, al igual que las concentraciones de clorito, cloruro,
fluoruro, nitrato, nitrito y sulfato. Además, los niveles de aluminio, boro, cobre, sodio y zinc
también presentan significancia estadística, destacando el impacto negativo de los efluentes.
To determine the impact of liquid mine effluent contamination on the surface aquatic ecosystem in the mining area of Otoca-Ayacucho-2021. Methodology: A descriptive, longitudinal study was conducted, in which the study sample was collected using non-random convenience sampling with three sample repetitions of liquid mine effluents and surface waters (downstream and upstream) from the Otoca mining area, Lucanas province, Ayacucho region. The magnitude of the variables electrical conductivity, hardness, pH, total dissolved solids, turbidity, chlorite, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, aluminum, arsenic, barium, boron, copper, iron, manganese, sodium, and zinc were measured. Results: The effluents showed an electrical conductivity of 1350 µS/cm; hardness: 450 mg/L; pH: 5.12; total dissolved solids: 1016 mg/L; and turbidity: 2.9 NTU, indicating high electrical conductivity and significant hardness, suggesting a high concentration of dissolved minerals in the water, typically associated with mining activities. In the downstream surface aquatic ecosystem, the values are within acceptable limits according to current environmental regulations in Peru. The mean electrical conductivity was 717 µS/cm, hardness 243 mg/L, pH 7.75, total dissolved solids 453 mg/L, and turbidity 3.9 NTU, all within permissible ranges. The impact of effluents on the presence of heavy metals in surface waters shows significance values of 0.018 for aluminum, copper, and zinc, 0.035 for boron, 0.029 for sodium, and 0.08 for manganese. Except for manganese, these values, all less than 0.05, indicate statistically significant differences in the concentration of these metals among the samples analyzed. Conclusion: Electrical conductivity, hardness, pH, total dissolved solids, and turbidity show statistically significant differences, as do the concentrations of chlorite, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, and sulfate. Additionally, the levels of aluminum, boron, copper, sodium, and zinc also present statistical significance, highlighting the negative impact of the effluents.
To determine the impact of liquid mine effluent contamination on the surface aquatic ecosystem in the mining area of Otoca-Ayacucho-2021. Methodology: A descriptive, longitudinal study was conducted, in which the study sample was collected using non-random convenience sampling with three sample repetitions of liquid mine effluents and surface waters (downstream and upstream) from the Otoca mining area, Lucanas province, Ayacucho region. The magnitude of the variables electrical conductivity, hardness, pH, total dissolved solids, turbidity, chlorite, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, aluminum, arsenic, barium, boron, copper, iron, manganese, sodium, and zinc were measured. Results: The effluents showed an electrical conductivity of 1350 µS/cm; hardness: 450 mg/L; pH: 5.12; total dissolved solids: 1016 mg/L; and turbidity: 2.9 NTU, indicating high electrical conductivity and significant hardness, suggesting a high concentration of dissolved minerals in the water, typically associated with mining activities. In the downstream surface aquatic ecosystem, the values are within acceptable limits according to current environmental regulations in Peru. The mean electrical conductivity was 717 µS/cm, hardness 243 mg/L, pH 7.75, total dissolved solids 453 mg/L, and turbidity 3.9 NTU, all within permissible ranges. The impact of effluents on the presence of heavy metals in surface waters shows significance values of 0.018 for aluminum, copper, and zinc, 0.035 for boron, 0.029 for sodium, and 0.08 for manganese. Except for manganese, these values, all less than 0.05, indicate statistically significant differences in the concentration of these metals among the samples analyzed. Conclusion: Electrical conductivity, hardness, pH, total dissolved solids, and turbidity show statistically significant differences, as do the concentrations of chlorite, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, and sulfate. Additionally, the levels of aluminum, boron, copper, sodium, and zinc also present statistical significance, highlighting the negative impact of the effluents.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Efluentes, Mina, Otoca, Aguas arriba, Effluents