Incidencia y factores asociados a complicaciones post quirúrgicas en colecistectomía abierta por litiasis vesicular en el hospital Santa María del socorro de Ica 2022 – 2024
Fecha
2025
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Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga
Resumen
Introducción: La litiasis vesicular constituye un problema relevante de salud
pública, requiriendo en muchos casos la realización de colecistectomía abierta,
especialmente en hospitales donde la disponibilidad de técnicas laparoscópicas es
limitada o el estado clínico del paciente lo contraindica. Esta intervención, conlleva
riesgos importantes de complicaciones postquirúrgicas que afectan la recuperación del
paciente, prolongan la estancia hospitalaria y aumentan el uso de recursos sanitarios.
Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia y los factores asociados a complicaciones
postquirúrgicas en pacientes sometidos a colecistectomía abierta por litiasis vesicular en
el Hospital Santa María del Socorro de Ica, durante el periodo 2022–2024.
Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una investigación observacional, analítica,
longitudinal, de cohorte retrospectiva, en una muestra de 192 pacientes seleccionados
mediante fórmula de población finita. Se empleó estadística descriptiva, prueba de Chi
cuadrado y análisis de riesgo relativo (RR), considerando un nivel de significancia del
5%.
Resultados: La incidencia de complicaciones postquirúrgicas fue del 33,3%,
predominando el dolor con uso de analgesia (33,9%), los vómitos (24,0%), la hemorragia
(9,4%) y el íleo adinámico (8,9%). Se halló asociación significativa con la edad
(p=0,013), sexo femenino (p=0,009), comorbilidades (p<0,001), tipo de herida quirúrgica
(p<0,001), estado de la vesícula (p<0,001), tiempo quirúrgico (p<0,001) y estancia
hospitalaria (p<0,001). Los factores de mayor riesgo fueron la vesícula complicada (OR:
3,718), la herida de alto riesgo (OR: 3,931), el tiempo quirúrgico prolongado (OR: 2,138)
y el uso de analgesia (OR: 9,000).
Conclusiones: Las complicaciones postoperatorias fueron frecuentes y se
asociaron significativamente a factores sociodemográficos, clínicos y quirúrgicos. La
identificación temprana de estos factores podría contribuir a mejorar los resultados
postquirúrgicos y reducir la morbimortalidad
Introduction: Gallbladder lithiasis represents a significant public health issue, often requiring open cholecystectomy, particularly in hospitals where laparoscopic techniques are limited or contraindicated due to the patient’s clinical condition. Although effective, this surgical intervention carries considerable risks of postoperative complications that negatively affect patient recovery, prolong hospital stays, and increase the consumption of healthcare resources. Objective: To determine the incidence and associated factors of postoperative complications in patients undergoing open cholecystectomy for gallstone disease at Hospital Santa María del Socorro in Ica during the period 2022–2024. Methodology: An observational, analytical, longitudinal, retrospective cohort study was conducted in a sample of 192 patients selected through a finite population formula. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and relative risk (RR) analysis were applied, considering a significance level of 5%. Results: The incidence of postoperative complications was 33.3%, with pain requiring analgesia (33.9%), vomiting (24.0%), postoperative hemorrhage (9.4%), and adynamic ileus (8.9%) being the most frequent complications. Significant associations were found with age (p=0.013), sex (p=0.009), comorbidities (p<0.001), type of surgical wound (p<0.001), gallbladder condition (p<0.001), operative time (p<0.001), and hospital stay (p<0.001). The main risk factors identified were complicated gallbladder (OR: 3.718), high-risk surgical wound (OR: 3.931), prolonged operative time (OR: 2.138), and need for analgesia (OR: 9.000). Conclusion: Postoperative complications were frequent and significantly associated with sociodemographic, clinical, and surgical factors. Early identification of these factors could help improve postoperative outcomes and reduce morbidity and mortality.
Introduction: Gallbladder lithiasis represents a significant public health issue, often requiring open cholecystectomy, particularly in hospitals where laparoscopic techniques are limited or contraindicated due to the patient’s clinical condition. Although effective, this surgical intervention carries considerable risks of postoperative complications that negatively affect patient recovery, prolong hospital stays, and increase the consumption of healthcare resources. Objective: To determine the incidence and associated factors of postoperative complications in patients undergoing open cholecystectomy for gallstone disease at Hospital Santa María del Socorro in Ica during the period 2022–2024. Methodology: An observational, analytical, longitudinal, retrospective cohort study was conducted in a sample of 192 patients selected through a finite population formula. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and relative risk (RR) analysis were applied, considering a significance level of 5%. Results: The incidence of postoperative complications was 33.3%, with pain requiring analgesia (33.9%), vomiting (24.0%), postoperative hemorrhage (9.4%), and adynamic ileus (8.9%) being the most frequent complications. Significant associations were found with age (p=0.013), sex (p=0.009), comorbidities (p<0.001), type of surgical wound (p<0.001), gallbladder condition (p<0.001), operative time (p<0.001), and hospital stay (p<0.001). The main risk factors identified were complicated gallbladder (OR: 3.718), high-risk surgical wound (OR: 3.931), prolonged operative time (OR: 2.138), and need for analgesia (OR: 9.000). Conclusion: Postoperative complications were frequent and significantly associated with sociodemographic, clinical, and surgical factors. Early identification of these factors could help improve postoperative outcomes and reduce morbidity and mortality.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Complicaciones postoperatorias, Colecistectomía abierta, Factores asociados, Postoperative complications